{"id":9083,"date":"2019-02-10T19:04:16","date_gmt":"2019-02-11T00:04:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/?p=9083"},"modified":"2019-02-11T09:54:18","modified_gmt":"2019-02-11T14:54:18","slug":"six-musings-triggered-by-the-latest-measles-outbreak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/index.php\/six-musings-triggered-by-the-latest-measles-outbreak\/2019\/02\/10\/","title":{"rendered":"Six Musings Triggered by the Latest Measles Outbreak"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_9089\" style=\"width: 180px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9089\" class=\" wp-image-9089\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/02\/measles-vaccine-poster.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/02\/measles-vaccine-poster.jpg 2078w, https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/02\/measles-vaccine-poster-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/02\/measles-vaccine-poster-768x1173.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/02\/measles-vaccine-poster-670x1024.jpg 670w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 170px) 100vw, 170px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9089\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: CDC<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In 2018, there were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/measles\/cases-outbreaks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">372 cases of measles in the United States<\/a>, the largest number since 2014. This year, we&#8217;ve already had 79 cases, many from a large outbreak in the Pacific Northwest &#8212; where anti-vaccine proponents recently <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/health\/2019\/02\/08\/washington-measles-outbreak-draws-crowd-hearing-vaccine-law\/?noredirect=on&amp;utm_term=.5d59948fb806\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">protested efforts to restrict nonmedical vaccine exemptions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>A few ruminations triggered by this outbreak.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. The vaccine is extraordinarily effective at preventing measles, lulling us into a false sense of security. <\/strong>After many years of clinical practice, the total number of measles cases seen by my wife (a pediatrician) and me (an infectious diseases specialist) is &#8230; two. We&#8217;ve both seen one.<\/p>\n<p>The measles vaccine is wonderfully effective &#8212; think how contagious it is! &#8212; but the net result is that most clinicians in the United States have never seen a case. Here, take a look at this poll:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Simple poll for you ID and non-ID clinicians out there. If you answer Yes to the question, please help by providing the context (when it was, where it was, why it happened, etc).<br \/>Have you seen a case of measles in the post-measles vaccine era?<\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Paul Sax (@PaulSaxMD) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/PaulSaxMD\/status\/1094586774012211206?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">February 10, 2019<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Around three-quarters of the clinicians\u00a0<em>have never seen a single case.<\/em>\u00a0If the poll had been limited to US doctors and nurses, even more would have no personal contact with the disease. Non-clinicians, of course, have even less direct experience.<\/p>\n<p>The effectiveness of the vaccine indirectly fuels some of the vaccine refusers &#8212; it&#8217;s the victim of its own success. Some may not believe it&#8217;s a serious disease since they&#8217;ve never seen it. Others might think it&#8217;s too rare to cause their child a problem, so why vaccinate? (More on this latter ungenerous line of thinking below.)<\/p>\n<p>Both views are terribly short-sighted. Regular readers of this blog will undoubtedly agree, but how can we overcome this?<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. The anti-vaccine effort spans the entire political, economic, religious, and racial spectrum.<\/strong>\u00a0Rich and poor; left, right, center; observant, agnostic, atheist &#8212; does not seem to matter.<\/p>\n<p>We&#8217;ve got celebrity &#8220;experts&#8221; such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/frontline\/article\/jenny-mccarthy-were-not-an-anti-vaccine-movement-were-pro-safe-vaccine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jenny McCarthy<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iflscience.com\/health-and-medicine\/dumb-or-dumber-jim-carrey-s-anti-vax-antics-expose-tactics-internet-cranks\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jim Carrey<\/a>; &#8220;environmentalist&#8221; and lawyer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/robert-f-kennedy-jr-spouts-his-insane-anti-vaxxer-conspiracy-theory-in-measles-hot-zone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert F. Kennedy Jr<\/a>\u00a0who, since he&#8217;s related to a former president, gets tons of attention; a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/science-and-health\/2018\/11\/9\/18068036\/measles-new-york-orthodox-jewish-community-vaccines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hasidic Jewish community in Brooklyn<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/science-and-health\/2017\/10\/26\/16552864\/minnesotas-measles-outbreak-immigrants-anti-vaxxers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">immigrants from Somalia in Minnesota.<\/a>\u00a0There are people up and down the socioeconomic spectrum who just don&#8217;t trust either the science, or the government, or both.<\/p>\n<p>Homeopaths and crystal lovers might be leery of &#8212; some would say paranoid about &#8212; hidden toxins, chemicals, and preservatives in vaccines. They prefer &#8220;natural&#8221; immunity to the vaccine-induced kind, nevermind that measles itself can be fatal.<\/p>\n<p>Libertarians want the government out of their health care choices, period. Recent immigrants might be susceptible to persuasive anti-science hucksters &#8212; this is what happened in Minnesota.<\/p>\n<p>How does one target educational efforts about the importance of immunizations to such a diverse group?<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. The cost of childhood immunizations is no impediment to receiving them.<\/strong>\u00a0Our fragmented US healthcare system definitely gets this one right &#8212; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/features\/vfcprogram\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">childhood immunizations are covered essentially everywhere<\/a>, regardless of a family&#8217;s ability to pay.<\/p>\n<p>Why might this be? Child immunizations do it all &#8212; they are highly effective in preventing illness and death, very safe, reasonably priced, and <em>actually save our society money.<\/em>\u00a0Does anything else we do in medicine have such strong personal, public health, and economic data supporting their use?<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. Eliminating nonmedical vaccine exemptions is absolutely critical for maintaining herd immunity.<\/strong>\u00a0Several years ago, I interviewed <a href=\"https:\/\/dhvi.duke.edu\/katz-samuel-l\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Samuel Katz<\/a>, a physician-scientist who played a critical role in developing the measles vaccine<em>.\u00a0<\/em>(Transcript <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/DocumentLibrary\/ofid\/Podcasts\/ofid%20podcast%201%20-%20samuel%20katz%20on%20measles.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>, podcast <a href=\"https:\/\/overcast.fm\/+Mo16OpzLU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>\u00a0at the bottom of the page.)<\/p>\n<p>After he provided an overview of the discovery of the attenuated measles virus strain and the early clinical trials, I asked him to comment on on the anti-vaccine movement. To my surprise, he was relatively sympathetic, calling the group &#8220;vaccine hesitant&#8221; rather than &#8220;vaccine refusers.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>(I confess to being much less charitable, viewing parents who refuse vaccines for their children for nonmedical reasons as exhibiting an extreme form of selfishness and antisocial behavior that borders on criminal.)<\/p>\n<p>However, on one fact he was quite clear &#8212;\u00a0the critical role of vaccine school-entry requirements in keeping measles at bay. These regulations are much stronger here than in most of Europe, and as a result, Europe&#8217;s measles outbreaks are far worse. In 2018 alone,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/media-centre\/sections\/press-releases\/2019\/measles-in-europe-record-number-of-both-sick-and-immunized\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Europe had over 82,000 cases and 72 deaths<\/a>\u00a0&#8212; three times the number of cases they had in 2017, and over 200 times the number of cases here.<\/p>\n<p>As for religious exemptions, there&#8217;s a good chance many (most? all?) reflect personal beliefs, not something specifically forbidden by a religion. Where does it state in the Bible, the Torah, the Koran, or in\u00a0<em>any\u00a0<\/em>religious text\u00a0that vaccines are prohibited? And why should religious exemptions be permitted for vaccines, and not other safety codes and laws? As noted in this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/opinion\/editorials\/2019\/02\/08\/vaccine-rejections-based-religious-exemptions-are-rising-sharply-massachusetts\/jacEF70PG6YVTccwNjBPvJ\/story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">excellent editorial<\/a> in <em>The Boston Globe<\/em>, &#8220;There\u2019s no religious exemption from the fire code or the\u00a0seat-belt law.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><strong>5. Many people refuse the vaccine for their kids because they just want a free ride.<\/strong>\u00a0I imagine the thinking goes like this:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><em>Hey, if everyone else gets vaccinated, then measles will be so uncommon that my kid won&#8217;t need it. And I heard from my yoga instructor that this is what she did, and her kid has been fine &#8212; so that&#8217;s what we&#8217;re doing too.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>You want proof? Vaccine demand is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/vaccinations-boom-by-500-percent-in-us-county-where-measles-is-out-of-control\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up 500% in the county experiencing the outbreak.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Guess it doesn&#8217;t take much to overcome those &#8220;philosophical&#8221; or &#8220;religious&#8221; objections to the measles vaccine! For more on this line of selfish and privileged thinking, read this <a href=\"http:\/\/www.skepticalob.com\/2019\/02\/anti-vax-is-a-particularly-ugly-form-of-privilege.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">superb post<\/a> by Dr. Amy Tuteur, who writes:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Nothing says \u201cprivilege\u201d quite like refusing the same vaccines that an impoverished mother in a developing country would trudge five miles to get for her child.\u00a0No sooner did the privilege disappear \u2014 destroyed by anti-vaxxers themselves whose choices have ushered back a deadly public scourge \u2014 then the anti-vaxxers folded.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>6. Many stock photos of vaccine administration are absolutely terrible.<\/strong> How many times have you read a piece online or in a magazine that shows a giant needle and a crying kid? Sometimes there&#8217;s also a scary-looking doctor or nurse.<\/p>\n<p>Seth Mnookin, Professor of Comparative Media Studies\/Writing at\u00a0MIT, wrote an\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sethmnookin.com\/the-panic-virus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">excellent book<\/a> on the vaccine controversy. He also provided this choice example of bad vaccine images in the media:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Worst possible art choice for this <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Slate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@slate<\/a> piece about understanding root of vaccine fears. Pictures of needles going into babies make people anxious &amp; uncomfortable. Regartdless of content of article, yr using anti-vaccine propoganda to illustrate it. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/KRuvEU5HBW\">https:\/\/t.co\/KRuvEU5HBW<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Seth Mnookin (@sethmnookin) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/sethmnookin\/status\/1092826456714067976?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">February 5, 2019<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>I agree entirely that far better would be to show pictures of happy, measles-free children, or parents with kids visiting a friendly-looking doctor&#8217;s office &#8212; or at least anything else besides a little kid and a big needle!<\/p>\n<p>As for the outbreak in Washington, I am hopeful that the surge in immunizations will get the new infections quickly under control.<\/p>\n<p>After all, it doesn&#8217;t matter <em>why<\/em> you immunize your kids &#8212; it just matters that you do it.<\/p>\n<p>Herd immunity in one minute &#8212; remember, we need at least 90% immunized for it to work for measles!<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Herd Immunity - One Minute Medical School\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/brNscgAG3Nc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 2018, there were 372 cases of measles in the United States, the largest number since 2014. This year, we&#8217;ve already had 79 cases, many from a large outbreak in the Pacific Northwest &#8212; where anti-vaccine proponents recently protested efforts to restrict nonmedical vaccine exemptions. A few ruminations triggered by this outbreak. 1. The vaccine [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,5,9],"tags":[2192,592,967],"class_list":["post-9083","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-health-care","category-infectious-diseases","category-policy","tag-anti-vaccine-movement","tag-measles","tag-vaccines"],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9083","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9083"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9083\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9083"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9083"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nejm.org\/hiv-id-observations\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9083"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}