An ongoing dialogue on HIV/AIDS, infectious diseases,
March 30th, 2011
Journal Club: Even When You Think You Should Wait, It’s Probably Time to Start
Two papers just published in AIDS with relevance to the “when to start” antiretroviral therapy question.
Both apply to certain patients in whom we might consider waiting to start treatment– but both these studies suggest we do otherwise.
The first applies to the patients with slooooow CD4 decline. Perhaps so slow that both you and your patient are very comfortable watching it drift down over the years, from initially normal — let’s say 900 — to 700, then 500 over a 10-year period. After all, with such a slow decline, what could the harm be in waiting?
Certainly I’ve shared this kind of mutual denial with patients of mine, most of whom also have very low HIV RNA levels.
But according to this paper, it’s just this sort of patient who has the worst immunologic response to ART. In reviewing 2,038 patients with pre- and post-ART CD4 trajectories, the study finds that the patients with the slowest CD4 decline have the worst immunologic response to ART. In other words, slope going down predicts slope going up.
As the authors note in their discussion, it’s ironically the other group — those with fast CD4 decline — who have been targeted in HIV treatment guidelines for early ART regardless of CD4 cell counts. But perhaps these data (which are displayed in some very cool figures, by the way) tell us that if one important goal of treatment is maintaining a normal or near normal CD4, then the rate of decline is immaterial — just be sure to start ART before the CD4 count becomes abnormal.
A second paper, from Cote d’Ivoire, looks at patients who recently acquired HIV, another group we might traditionally hold off on treating. Looking at 304 patients with recent seroconversion, the investigators track the time to relevant CD4 thresholds for starting treatment. The results: more than half (57%) have a CD4 cell count < 500 at diagnosis, and 72% are at this level just two years later.
In short, the great majority of patients with recently-acquired HIV meet CD4 criteria for starting treatment sooner rather than later. So while the “time to AIDS” in untreated HIV might average 10 years, in no way should we count this as “time to starting HIV therapy”, which will come much sooner.
Paul E. Sax, MD
Associate Editor
NEJM Clinician
Biography | Disclosures & Summaries
Learn more about HIV and ID Observations.
FROM NEJM — Recent Infectious Disease Articles- The Essential Role of States in Protecting Immunization Access January 29, 2026In the face of U.S. federal policy shifts that threaten to destabilize vaccine access and weaken clinical guidance, states can step in and protect their residents.
- Case 4-2026: An 80-Year-Old Woman with Cough and Hypoxemia January 29, 2026An 80-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of cough and hypoxemia (oxygen saturation, 83%). CT of the chest showed diffuse ground-glass opacities in both lungs. A diagnosis was made.
- A New Therapeutic Broadcast on Hepatitis D, a Satellite Virus January 22, 2026Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is known as a satellite virus because it requires the hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) to enter the hepatocytes and to complete its life cycle. HDV is the smallest human pathogen, with a single-stranded RNA genome that is approximately 1.7 kb long. Yet, chronic...
- Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia January 22, 2026A 60-year-old man with recently diagnosed HIV infection presented with a 10-day history of fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath. A CT scan of the chest showed diffuse nodules and ground-glass opacities.
- Case 3-2026: A 58-Year-Old Woman with Diplopia and Fever January 22, 2026A 58-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital 3 weeks after lumbar surgery because of diplopia and fever. Left leg pain and a rash had preceded the fever and diplopia. A diagnosis was made.
- The Essential Role of States in Protecting Immunization Access January 29, 2026