An ongoing dialogue on HIV/AIDS, infectious diseases,
March 30th, 2011
Journal Club: Even When You Think You Should Wait, It’s Probably Time to Start
Two papers just published in AIDS with relevance to the “when to start” antiretroviral therapy question.
Both apply to certain patients in whom we might consider waiting to start treatment– but both these studies suggest we do otherwise.
The first applies to the patients with slooooow CD4 decline. Perhaps so slow that both you and your patient are very comfortable watching it drift down over the years, from initially normal — let’s say 900 — to 700, then 500 over a 10-year period. After all, with such a slow decline, what could the harm be in waiting?
Certainly I’ve shared this kind of mutual denial with patients of mine, most of whom also have very low HIV RNA levels.
But according to this paper, it’s just this sort of patient who has the worst immunologic response to ART. In reviewing 2,038 patients with pre- and post-ART CD4 trajectories, the study finds that the patients with the slowest CD4 decline have the worst immunologic response to ART. In other words, slope going down predicts slope going up.
As the authors note in their discussion, it’s ironically the other group — those with fast CD4 decline — who have been targeted in HIV treatment guidelines for early ART regardless of CD4 cell counts. But perhaps these data (which are displayed in some very cool figures, by the way) tell us that if one important goal of treatment is maintaining a normal or near normal CD4, then the rate of decline is immaterial — just be sure to start ART before the CD4 count becomes abnormal.
A second paper, from Cote d’Ivoire, looks at patients who recently acquired HIV, another group we might traditionally hold off on treating. Looking at 304 patients with recent seroconversion, the investigators track the time to relevant CD4 thresholds for starting treatment. The results: more than half (57%) have a CD4 cell count < 500 at diagnosis, and 72% are at this level just two years later.
In short, the great majority of patients with recently-acquired HIV meet CD4 criteria for starting treatment sooner rather than later. So while the “time to AIDS” in untreated HIV might average 10 years, in no way should we count this as “time to starting HIV therapy”, which will come much sooner.
Paul E. Sax, MD
Associate Editor
NEJM Clinician
Biography | Disclosures & Summaries
Learn more about HIV and ID Observations.
FROM NEJM — Recent Infectious Disease Articles- Postpartum Persistence of Ebola Virus in Breast Milk March 12, 2026To control EBOV outbreaks, defining potential sanctuary sites where the virus may persist and lead to transmission is important. In this report, persistence of EBOV RNA in breast milk was identified and characterized.
- Soft Tick Relapsing Fever March 12, 2026A 74-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with a 3-week history of intermittent fevers, muscle aches, and vomiting. Thin blood smears showed spirochetes.
- Case 8-2026: A 57-Year-Old Woman with Chest Pain, Dyspnea, and Syncope March 12, 2026A 57-year-old woman was evaluated because of 2 days of chest pain and dyspnea. Ultrasonography showed a pericardial effusion with diastolic inversion of the right ventricle. A diagnosis was made.
- Massive Intravascular Hemolysis from Clostridium perfringens Bacteremia March 12, 2026A 73-year-old woman presented in shock with a 1-day history of malaise, dyspnea, and confusion. Serum samples could not be processed owing to gross hemolysis. Dehemoglobinized red cells and bacilli were seen on a peripheral-blood smear.
- The Eyes Have It March 5, 2026A 47-year-old man was brought to the ED by EMS after being found dyspneic in his car. He reported having been drinking for 6 hours before presentation. He noted a sensation of tongue swelling and difficulty breathing.
- Postpartum Persistence of Ebola Virus in Breast Milk March 12, 2026