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4 Responses to “When Expert Clinicians Disagree”
Paul E. Sax, MD
Associate Editor
NEJM Clinician
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FROM NEJM — Recent Infectious Disease Articles- Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis after Measles Infection February 21, 2026A 7-year-old boy was brought to a hospital with a 3-month history of cognitive deterioration and seizures. He had contracted measles at 7 months of age while living in an area where the infection is endemic.
- AI-Enabled Precision-Education Systems — Transforming Lifelong Learning in Medicine February 21, 2026Trainees’ paths to safe, independent practice are variable. Artificial intelligence could help accelerate implementation of competency-based medical education to support individualized development.
- Revival of Ethionamide by Alpibectir February 19, 2026Ethionamide has been used to treat tuberculosis for decades, but dose-dependent toxic effects have limited its use. In this trial, alpibectir enabled the ethionamide dose to be reduced by two thirds.
- Peritoneal Coccidioidomycosis February 19, 2026A 23-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of unintentional weight loss and worsening abdominal pain and distention. He had recently moved to Arizona from a remote Pacific island.
- Reducing Tobacco Use Worldwide: Tobacco Cessation among Nondaily and Low-Intensity Smokers — Challenges and Opportunities in Latin America February 19, 2026In Latin America, though overall smoking rates have declined, nondaily and low-intensity smoking are increasingly common, and tobacco-cessation resources remain underdeveloped in many countries.
- Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis after Measles Infection February 21, 2026
Good arguments on either side but I would come to the same conclusion that Joe arrived at. We should always treat the patient and not the lab value, especially if the lab report makes no sense. The current regimen should not be able to suppress a viable virus with this genotype. Either the virus is not viable or the report is wrong. Neither of these scenarios require a change of therapy.
This is an interesting case showing the effect of immunity especially innate immunity on chemotherapy. It is the patient’s defence mechanisms which make chemotherapy effective.
The pancreatitis lowered the immunity , the chemotherapy ceased to be effective and indeed selected for the resistant organisms. After recovery from pancreatitis the patient returned to his oiginal status.
There is absolutely no need to change the therapy . The new drugs may be more toxic, more expensive, and have undesirable side effects and are uncalled for. Also you are one ladder up on resistant drugs.
There has been a tremendous progress in our understanding of innate immunity which plays a powerful role in keeping us healthy. All medical personell should be famliar with it. It is our body which cures itself. The physician can only help or hinder it.
Just to give you an example the best method of generating resistant mycobacteria would be to treat a tuberculosis patient with AIDS. Malnourished, stressed,unhappy and unloved patients are difficult to treat.
The paradigm that resistance causes virologic failure is based mostly on observations of genotypic resistance that coincides with virologic failure. Our inability to measure “below the radar” resistance in patients who are virologically suppressed prevents us from knowing exactly how much resistance exists even in patients who are doing well. If we use a two-inch net to catch fish, we erroneously conclude that all fish are bigger than two inches. Same with most of our understanding of resistance—since we look for it in patients who are failing, we only find it in patients who are failing and perhaps erroneously believe that it does not occur in patients who are succeeding. When we do not find resistance in patients who are failing, we blame it on poor adherence, or as in the case of the enhanced trophile story with the CCR5 inhibitors, we develop better tests to look for resistance in failures, but not in suppressors. The same is true for adherence—we look poor adherence in failures but do not as vigilantly count pills or check refill dates in those who are doing well.
I have similar examples to that in the case described. One patient, for example, was on trizivir for years with intial VL> 100,000/ml. He maintained a good CD-4 count but only took the trizivir daily at best and as a result, he had accumulated many TAMs and M184V. Rather than salvage him, given his clinical stability and lack of commitment to HAART, I continued the trizivir. At some point, he decided to mend his ways, and suppressed while adherent to BID trizivir.
Exactly how much poor adherence and resistance jeopardizes outcomes is not altogether clear. Let us not forget that prognostic interpretation of resistance tests is validated by virologic observations in patients over fairly short periods. The meaning of resistance in myriad of clinically nuanced situations is by no means well established.
I applaud the clinician for doing the resistance test just to learn. Only more time on the same regimen will tell us whether that regimen is prematurely doomed.
I would not change the meds at this point. His low viral load could be due to changes in his replicative capacity and we might get a period of sustained response. This gives time to see what new drugs come on the market and to learn about the newer more recently approved ones.